CO2 as the primary contributor to climate changes debunked thru hostorical data

[Woody]

This is going to take some reading and discussing to fully understand, so as questions arise, feel free to ask.

VOLCANOES, EARTHS HISTORICAL THERMOSTAT

Only large scale eruptions (VEI-4 and greater) that could alter the planets weather systems were researched and used as the base line for this research. Any referance to eruptions in this chapter are to be associated to only these large eruptions. These large scale eruptions alter weather patterns and cool the planet and act as a pressure relief valve for the planet. Specifically, when they alter the weather conditions on the surface, their should be a condition and cause for such an event.
Because temperatures were never recorded until Daniel Farienhieght came up with a way to measure and record variables in temperatures in 1724, an alternative method of research was selected.
The earth has a molten core sealed within a surface that we call the crust. Because of the unique features that a liquid posses when it is in a sealed container the research was new and unique. To understand the differences take two bottles of water and open only one of them. Place them both in the microwave on high and watch how they differ in their reaction. A liquid, in a sealed container, even the earth, increases in pressure until eruption occurs. This is not because we made this, its the planets principle of physics that we duplicate in the microwave. Persuing this avenue of research revealed a vast array of new discoveries that brings about many explanations to our planets heating and cooling cycles and a past historical timeframe that aids us in understanding these cycles and their causes.
Current research has aided greatly in the forensics of past eruptions, but records and accuracy become more obscured as we travel back in time. This happens as volcanic eruptions, time and erosion all take their toll. Notable time periods would be prior to 1492 in both North and South America, Iceland prior to 874, Australia region prior to 1788, and the nothern Pacific region including Alaska and Russia prior to 1800. Many of these historical events in Asia and Europe have a written record allowing scientists to examine these eruptions in greater detail. Information about the forensics involving the examination of past eruptions can be found at the Smithsonian Institute and is known as the, “Global Volcanism Program.” Because this data was raw and unmanipulated from volconologists, the accuracy for this review is an optimum data base.
The data was placed out over time lines and seperated by the tectonic plate associated with the eruption. Thermyl Dynamic’s tells us that if you have a large container of fluid and heat only one area, the heat and pressure will be the greatest at the source of the heat. This indicates that if a plate was to heat for any reason, the pressure would be greatest under the plate heating and a volcanic eruption will occur at the weakest location to the source of the heat along its plate. Like a pan on the stove that is sealed and heating, the weakest point no matter where the location, will give way if the heat continues. By plotting these eruptions there are clearly definable date lines where there was a distinct rise and fall in eruptions. These occurances are what is examined, and the causes of them.
Volcanoes have always been a part of the planets history. They offset additional heating that may result from an increased solar output, or perhaps a meteor wiping out a large
portion of the earths land surface. They can be considered a pressure relief valve the same way you will find man using it to release pressure to ensure the safety of a machine. In regards to the Earth, they keep us from literally blowing apart.
As these records were plotted out there was enough documented eruptions to begin plotting the rise and fall in these large volcanic erutions as far back as 700 AD. Although there is further research that could be done going further back, there has not been any research as of this time and further forensics and carbon dating would be needed.
All data is aquired from the “Global Volcanism Program” from the Smithsonian Institute and is the site that the USGS recommends.
All volcanoes are graphed per decade
ex. year 1700 is all volcanic activity that occurred from 1/1/1700 to 12/31/1709.

In the following graphs there are three periods of time that need to be considered. These period’s of time were specific times of cooling due to the suns decrease intensity upon the planets surface, two natural and one manmade by accident.

Maunder Minimum (1645 – 1715)
Dalton Minimum (1790 – 1803)
Pollution and its impact from post WWII (1940 until 1970 and shortly after)

NORTH AMERICA PLATE

When eruptions occur in this region, specifically near the Gulf of Mexico, they have a direct impact on the oceans jet streams affecting the people inland greatly. They shade the Gulf and reflect a great amount of solar radiance back out into space. This in turn cools the Gulf stream allowing the Arctic cold to have more momentum and alter the rains. This can also create major storm systems and flooding in some areas, while bringing droughts to other regions.

In North and South America the year that these large eruptions have occured is known with 100% accuracy since 1800, and only one questionable eruption since 1500.
Before 1570 there are many uncertain dates averaging a plus and minus range of about 100 years. Because of specific groupings found, and relying on the endless hours of scientists attempting to get these dates correct, we graphed them out as they are written.

When graphed out it was found that the Lower 48 states, Mexico, Central America, Carribean, Gallopagose, Columbia, Peru and Ecuador had a pattern of working together. As a result this region was combined.


ERUPTIONS FROM 700 to 1009, NORTH and SOUTH AMERICA

y-axis is the number of eruptions, x axis is years 700 AD to 950 AD.

As we look this far back in time there was a notable grouping of eruptions during this period. Because of the vast numbers of eruptions, this was flagged as our starting point.
In this graph we can see that there were a total of 12 eruptions during a 260-year period, a 46% chance of an eruption every decade. From the period of 720 AD through 829 AD, 8 of these major eruptions took place, a 72.7% average of having an eruption per decade. Over the remaining 150 years there were 4 eruptions dropping the eruption rate down to 26.6% per decade.

This is also the period of time when Archeologists acknowledge that the Mayan Empire collapsed. Recent studies have shown that a cataclysmic breakdown occurred just after these eruptions took place. Archaeology has determined over recent years that they had exhausted their resources by stripping the land for the agricultural needs of the vast population and for the needs in building and construction. Such events could have easily caused a vast migration of the people to another area with adequate resources.



ERUPTIONS FROM 830 to 1019 NORTH and SOUTH AMERICA


y-axis is number of eruptions, x-axis is year.
After the rise in eruptions we see the eruptions from 830 until 1019 (2 in 930) lowered to only three over a 190-year period. This comes to an average eruption rate of 15.7% per decade. If we consider this average we can see that in the previous graph that eruptions had multiplied nearly 4.6 times greater than this period.


ERUPTIONS FROM 1000 to 1279 NORTH and SOUTH AMERICA

y-axis is number of eruptions, x-axis is year.

After 240 years from the end of the previous rise in eruptions we see them elevate again. During this 280-year period of time there were 9 major eruptions. From 1020 – 1089, a 70-year period, 6 eruptions occurred placing the average eruption rate at 85% per decade. Over the remaining 210 years there were 3 eruptions with an average eruption rate of 14.2% per decade. This is more than 5 ½ times the normal eruption rate.
A civilization known today as the “Anastasia” were known to have existed prior to this time. Current research has now established that it was during this period of time when the inhabitants vanished. Archeologists have determined that they had wiped out their resources and altered their land for agricultural use and construction material to support a very large-scale population. There is a 200-year time frame (820 – 1020) from the end of the previous rise in eruptions to the reoccurrence of these eruptions again. The eruption of 1070 in Arizona was probably the eruption that may have finally forced the migration of the people to new land after years of troubles.

ERUPTIONS FROM 1100 to 1329 NORTH and SOUTH AMERICA

y-axis is number of eruptions, x-axis is year.
During this 230-year period there were 3 eruptions with a decade average eruption rate down to 13%. This quiet period, as the other previous period, results in a 6.5 times the normal eruptions rate that occurred prior to this lull in activity.

ERUPTIONS FROM 1310 to 1529 NORTH and SOUTH AMERICA

y-axis is number of eruptions, x-axis is year.
In this graph there were 12 total eruptions over a 200-year period. From 1330 – 1389 there were 8 eruptions in 60 years, an average eruption rate of 133% per decade. This is 10 times the eruption rate in the previous years leading up to this date.
The 140 years that followed this period experienced 4 eruptions resulting in 28% chance of an eruption every decade. This is nearly 5 times less the normal eruption rate than 1330 - 1389.

The period of calm between these eruptions was from 1090 to 1330, a 240-year period.
There is enough time between eruptions for people to have migrated, repopulated and stripped the land of its resources again.


ERUPTIONS FROM 1410 to 1579 NORTH and SOUTH AMERICA

y-axis is number of eruptions, x-axis is year.
During this period we can see that 7 eruptions occurred over this 170-year period. This is an average eruption rate of 41% per decade, nearly 3 times the previous low averages registered previously.
This is the period of time when we find that both the Aztecs and Incas emerge. This eruption data indicates that the people of this era may have not evacuate their lands as a result of the eruptions that occurred earlier as the Mayan and Anastasia once did, but their population must have struggled greatly. Perhaps there was wars or diseases affecting the people during this time causing an extended period of a small population growth. Knowing that 2 large empires emerged during this period of time, it should also appear in the eruptions later.

Beginning in this graph, specifically 1570, there is 100% accuracy to the year of the erutpion.

ERUPTIONS FROM 1510 to 1709

y-axis is number of eruptions, x-axis is year.
In this graph there is a 200-year period of time and 15 major eruptions. From 1570 – 1610, a 50-year period, there was 11 major eruptions. This is an eruption rate of 322% per decade, or nearly 8 times greater than the previous years. When considering the previous lulls of 13% we can see that this eruption rate is nearly 25 times greater than previous lulls in activity.
From 1390 – 1570, there is a 190-year period since the end of the last set of eruptions. The continual eruptions remained at a slightly higher rate until 1570 indicating vast population depletion may have resulted during this period of time.
By the 1520’s the Inca and Aztec Empires were wiped out. These two large-scale populations had rapidly depleted their resources and the land was left barren to return to its natural form, but this was going to decades. The Europeans went through and ravaged the land and then left it for the years to come. The preliminary heat had already imbedded itself into the plate and the earth responded to mans alteration of the land. This also resulted in a quick reduction of eruptions shortly after. These events would have had vast impacts on the populations of the people. Eruptions in this region became silent from October 27, 1660 until August 27, 1717. This was the period of time when the Maunder Minimum occurred. (1645 - 1715)

ERUPTIONS FROM 1700 to 1870, NORTH and SOUTH AMERICA

y-axis is number of eruptions, x-axis is year.
In this graph we can see 14 eruptions in 180 years with an average eruption rate of 77% per decade.
America’s first colony was established in 1607 at Jamestown. Just over 100 years later we begin to see this region slowly rise in eruptions again. Their was a lull in activity that preceded the Dalton Minimum (1790 – 1803) and then a higher than normal, yet stable eruption rate that remained throughout this period of time.
North America was being populated and cleared for its resources and can be seen by the higher than normal eruption rates during this period. Yet, this was also being offset by the massive decline in the population of the Native Americans from wars and diseases. In 1800 the heart of America remained in close proximity to the oceans, and western America was the land beyond the Appalachian Mountains. In 1800, there were no roads to connect them and people would take the waterways to access this part of the country due to the vast wilderness between them.
With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, a vast wilderness was opened to be farmstead, and the continent would never look the same again. By 1860 the lower 48 states had been cleared to the prairies, and with the introduction of the industrial age, tractors and now the railroads, the vast wilderness and prairies was soon going to be gone.

ERUPTIONS FROM 1870 to PRESENT, NORTH and SOUTH AMERICA

y-axis is number of eruptions, x-axis is year.
The 1902 eruption of Pelee in the West Indies erupted 6 days apart and both were categorized as a level-4. Also, in 1982 the eruption of El Chichon in Mexico erupted twice a week apart, first as a VEI-4 then again as a VEI-5. From a thermal dynamics perspective of heat and pressure, such an eruption is significant and is marked as 2 separate eruptions.

During this 140-year period we see that there are 18 eruptions. From 1880 thru 1919 there were 10 eruptions in a 40-year span. This is a 250% eruption rate per decade. This was then followed by 1920 – 1979 where the eruption rate declined to 4 eruptions over a 60-year period. This is an eruption rate of 66% per decade. This reduced these eruptions by 3.8 times their rate and began an era of cooling from 1920 to 1979 due to the vast amounts of air pollutants man was distributing into the air.

By 1880 the planet was reacting to man altering the land for agricultural and city developments. The US began to enter the industrial age and the introduction of the railroad, farm tractor and other machinery allowed us to clear and harvest vast quantities of land rapidly. What once took 200 years or more to convert the forest and prairies into agricultural land was now being accomplished in a few short decades. By the time WWI began in 1917, 44% of the entire land surface of the lower 48 states had been altered for agricultural use to support the war effort. This does not include rural areas.
The alterations of the land surface culminated into a mass migration of people from the Midwest shortly after these eruptions took place in the 1930’s. As it has happened many times in the past, 8 million people migrated out of the central US and took refuge in other areas of the country and is known today as the “Great Dust Bowl.” After this era the temperatures cooled as a result of the lack of solar radiance reaching the surface due to a build up of smog as a result of the industrial age.
The alterations of the land surface in the lower 48 states peaked at 59% in the 1950’s, and have declined since then for the conversion of farm fields to urban areas. According to our current ground heat, a rise in eruptions should begin soon.

Alaska and Russian Peninsula


This is a continual ridge that encompasses the northern Pacific from Alaska through the Kamchatka Peninsula of Russia. This makes up the Northwestern edge of the North American plate that branches over and is a part of Russia. When this area erupts the plume from the eruption is carried by the jet streams over the North Pacific from Russia and then the Arctic and Northern Canada increasing the Arctic’s intensity.

Alaska/Russia 750 - 1280

y-axis is number of eruptions, x-axis is year.

During this 540-year period there were 9 eruptions, 6 that occurred between the years 950 – 1030. Excluding this 90-year period of time we have 3 eruptions in a 450-year time span, an average eruption rate of 6% per decade. In 950 a rise in eruption began and continued through 1030 totaling 6 eruptions in 90 years. This is an average eruption rate of 66% per decade. This is 11 times greater than the normal eruption rate.
This period of time also mirrors the rise in eruptions in the North American plate from 1020 to 1089. This rise began just prior to the decades of eruptions on the Southern section of the North America plate. What is also known is that the Anastasia were further north than the Mayan Empire.

Alaska/Russia 1280 - 1700

y-axis is number of eruptions, x-axis is year.
Here we have a 430-year span of time with 7 eruptions. There is a spike in eruptions occurring from 1540 to 1560, a 30-year period. This is a 100% average eruption rate compared to 4 eruptions in the remaining 400 years or 1% chance of eruption. This is a 100% rise in eruptions during this period of time.
The years 1540 – 1560 mirrors the North American eruption from 1570 –1610 during this period of time.
There were three eruptions during the Maunder Minimum (1645 – 1715). One eruption occurred in 1650 just as it began, one in 1690 in the middle, and one in 1712 just before it ended.


Alaska/Russia 1700 - Present


y-axis is number of eruptions, x-axis is year.

During this 310-year period we have 35 eruptions. This had now risen to a 113% average eruption per decade. Since 1920 there have been 21 eruptions in 90 years, a 233% chance of an eruption, and since 1970 there have been 12 eruptions in 40 years, a 300% average eruption per decade. To put this into perspective, the chances of an eruption every decade went from 50% in the 1700’s, 60% in the 1800’s, 190% in the 1900’s, and now a 400% chance this past decade 2000 – 2009.


During the Dalton Minimum (1790 – 1803), and after a slow and methodical rise, they declined with the last one erupting in 1795 then remaining silent in 1825.
In the early 1800’s there were 3 areas in the world that were being altered for agricultural needs of the people in other nations. These were the lower 48 states of the USA that we have covered, and both Australia and Argentina. By the late 1800’s the industrial age was in full bloom and all these areas were being cleared rapidly.



CHILE



Chile, located in the southern hemisphere, has remained quiet for centuries with only an occasional eruption, until recently. The massive amounts of water that captures, stores, and releases a great amount of energy in this region creates less activity. The eruptions from this region send their plume over Argentina and the South Atlantic altering the jet streams in the southern hemisphere.

700 to 2000 Chile

y-axis is number of eruptions, x-axis is year.

In this graph we can see the history and infrequent activity of the past eruptions in Chile.

This graph indicates that this region, unlike Columbia, Peru, and Ecuador, are not affected by the same magnitude and degree by the North American Plate. Chile remained quiet through all the previous eruptions that occurred in the north and through both the Maunder and Dalton Minimum’s.

1700 – present Chile

y-axis is number of eruptions, x-axis is year.
There are only 4 eruptions to have taken place from 700 – 1929, a 1230-year span. This is an eruption average of 3% per decade. In the last 110 years we see that 6 eruptions have taken place. This is an eruption rate of 54% per decade. This is 18 times greater than its previous norm.

From the late 1800’s and into the early 20^th century much of the land in Argentina was altered for the agricultural needs, specifically for England. Today, 60% of their land has been altered for agricultural needs.


AUSTRALIA
On the eastern edge of the Australian plate we find the New Zealand region. To the northeast you will find the New Guinea region that could be influenced by the much larger Asian plate, and Indonesia on the northwest that is directly affected by the Asian and Australian plates.
Due to the population rise in China and its direct effect on the Indonesia region, we will remove this influence from the graph detailing a more direct impact man may have had on the Australian Plate.
This region has 100% accuracy to the year dating back to 1800.
AUSTRALIA 700 AD to PRESENT

ERUPTIONS, Australia 1630 – Present

y-axis is number of eruptions, x-axis is year.
Here we can see a definable decline in eruptions after February of 1660, shortly after the Maunder Minimum (1645 – 1715), and with the exception of one eruption in 1720, eruptions remained silent until 1800. With one eruption in 1800, a decade after the Dalton Minimum began (1790 – 1830), we begin to see a gradual rise beginning in 1840 that carries on to this day.
In 1778 the first settlements began In Australia and throughout the 1800’s farming increased, primarily by hand. Although there is a rise in eruptions prior to settlement, the New Guinea Region is on the northern edge and is buffered by the Philippine and Asian Plates. As a result, Chinas population growth has some influence on these regions specifically due to the massive growing population in China during this time.
During the mid 1800’s the railroads came through and much of the interior was settled and altered for agricultural purposes, specifically for England and Europe’s growing population. By 1880 a vast amount of land had been altered for agricultural needs. During the pollution era of the northern hemisphere we do find a dip in the 60’s and 70’s, at least 2 decades later than those eruptions in the northern hemisphere subsided. The cooling in the northern hemisphere would have taken decades to impact the southern hemisphere through the oceans jet streams.
By the 1960’s, more than 60% of the entire landmass of Australia was altered from its natural condition to support the world’s demand for food that continues to today.

EUROPE




Iceland is a great influence of weather over the European and Asian plates. When an eruption occurs, as it did in 2010, the winds blow the ash plume over Europe and Northern Russia. These eruptions increase the Arctic strength offering vast cooling over the region and alterations in the oceans normal jet streams. Jet stream alterations can cause massive flooding in some areas, while withholding typical or normal rains from another.



ERUPTIONS, Europe 800 – Present




y-axis is number of eruptions, x-axis is year.
This graph covers the European plate for the last 1,310 years with the exclusion of recent eruptions, 2010 and after. The blue line is a 40-year running average of these eruptions. Due to historical data available there is 100% accuracy to the year of eruptions back to 1550 in this region. Iceland was first settled in 874 making this data far more accurate after this date.

ERUPTIONS Europe 800 - 1400

y-axis is number of eruptions, x-axis is year.

During this 410-year period there were 15 major volcanic eruptions around the European Plate. From 1210 to 1269 there were 5 major eruptions with an 83% average of an eruption every decade. Excluding these years we can see that the average for the remaining 340 years is. 29% per decade, nearly 3 times less.
From 950 to 1250 is known as the “Medieval Warming” and is associated to the great European expansion when there was a massive population growth and industrial boom in Europe. From 980 to 1089 there were no eruptions that occurred maintaining a stable environment for Europe. Afterwards we see three eruption taking place up to 1209. The average eruption rate for this time frame was 13% per decade, 6.4 times the eruption rate that was to follow. Much of the resources of the continent during this time were wiped out for agricultural use to supply the expanding population and construction. In addition, because coal was not readily used, wood was needed for heat.
Current studies conclude that glacier expansion of the Alps began during this period of time and is making the science community rethink their position on the date in which the “Little Ice Age” began.
According to known history, it took man 210 years, as this graph indicates, to populate, expand and deplete the lands resources by hand before resulting in a rise in volcanic eruptions.


ERUPTIONS, Europe 1400 – Present

y-axis is number of eruptions, x-axis is year.

In the early 1300’s the “Black Death” hit Europe. Estimates are as much as ½ the population perished as a result of this disease. From 1350 – 1420 there was a steep decline in the population and many farms were left vacant to grow for the years that followed but it was going to take time to grow and for the heat to dissipate. We see the eruptions peaking in the 1440’s before stabilizing again, but at a higher rate.

The population began rising again in the mid 1500’s as the population began to expand to its previous levels. Farmland that was left to grow was being plowed once again, and the eruptions began to rise.

Eruptions began to decline in 1670, just after the Maunder Minimum began (1645 – 1715) and continued at a low rate while the population continued to rise. Then there was a quick emergence in 1720 before stabilizing again and then going silent from 1790 – 1839 during the Dalton Minimum (1790 – 1830).

Because Iceland is along the European and American plate, either plate can cause a rise in the eruptions in Iceland. Due to the level of alteration of the American plate in the mid to late 1800’s, the American plate may have influenced some of these eruptions. These eruptions peaked during the same period of time as the American Plates in 1870 and 1900. All eruptions ended on March of 1947 as a result of WWII and the years of pollution, until recently.

ASIA

Eruptions along the Asian plate send its plume out over the ocean with the trade winds. This can affect the weather greatly in these regions causing alterations in typical rainfalls causing droughts in some areas while flooding others. Any cooling they receive is not from blocking the radiance over their soil, but alterations in the oceans jet streams.

Indonesia is along the southern edge and resides along the equator against the Australian Plate and intersects at New Guinea with the Philippine Plate. This is the region plotted in the following graphs.

Compare this with the past history in the following graph. By now it should be obvious as to the approximate date that we would see the population of China expand and the depletion of the areas resources by this graph. The Black is the total amounts with the bold black line indicating a 40-year average timeline.

ERUPTIONS 1000 – PRESENT, China and SE Asia



y-axis is number of eruptions, x-axis is year.


Of all the volcanic eruptions in this area, only 12 of them have a questionable date from 1000 to 1800, and since 1800 is 100% accurate. Japan has been one of the most identifiable areas maintaining written records back to this era.



ERUPTIONS, China and SE Asia, 900 – 1570



y-axis is number of eruptions, x-axis is year.

From 900 to 1570 there were 13 eruptions in this 680-year period, making this an eruption rate of 19% average per decade. Of these 13 eruptions, 8 have a variable eruption date in this era.





ERUPTIONS, China and SE Asia, 1570 - 1820



y-axis is number of eruptions, x-axis is year.

Of these eruptions, only 4 have a variable eruption date while the remaining are known to the year with 100% accuracy.

During this time there were 34 eruptions during this 260-year period with an overall average of 106% eruption rate per decade.

After the eruptions occuring in the 1640’s there is a gradual descrease in eruptions until 1720 when eruptions became silent. This time period matches the Maunder Minimum (1645 – 1715).

The decade after this we begin to see a gradual rise peaking in 1760 and then declining until no eruption took place in 1790’s and then spiked in the 1810’s. This period was a time of rapid population growth in the region even though the Dalton Minimum had begun in 1790.




SE ASIA, ERUPTIONS FROM 1820 - 2000


y-axis is number of eruptions, x-axis is year.

After a spike in eruptions in the 1810’s they began to decline until there was only one eruption in 1831 and no eruptions again until 1853. This is the decade after the Dalton Mimumum ended in 1830. We then begin to see an oscillation in an upward momentum as the years progress until the 1930’s ended.

This region was highly active in WWII and there was a great deal of ordinances and emissions expelled throughout this time, including 2 nuclear bombs. We also see as a result that the eruptions in the region went silent until 1951 when multiple eruptions occurred until 1966.

After 1966 eruptions in this region ended, and began again in 1981. From 1966 until 1975 America engaged into a war with Vietnam. Today, it is well understood that the bombing in this region exceeded the tonage of ordances dropped during WWII, and again had impact on this region. Since this time it has been on a steady incline.

Since 1950, China and SE Asia have more than doubled their populations. In need of increased food supply, this regions resource have been drastically altered to provide food for the people, cities and developments. They have had 18 erupotions since 1950, or a 266% eruption average per decade.




JAPAN

The Island of Japan is in the previous calculations and graph, but due to its recent inactivity and its level of accuracy it is graphed here separately. In this graph we can go back to 1100 with 100% accuracy to the year. Japan is an Island on the eastern edge of the Asian plate and is buffered in the north with the western edge of the North American plate and the eastern edge is creates the ridge between the Asian and Philippine plate.



y-axis is number of eruptions, x-axis is year.



ERUPTIONS, Japan 1100 - 1600

y-axis is number of eruptions, x-axis is year.

From 1100 through 1600, a 510-year period of time, there were 6 eruptions. The average eruption rate for this period of time is almost 12% per decade.

ERUPTIONS, 1600 to 2000 Japan

y-axis is number of eruptions, x-axis is year.
From 1600 to 2009 there were 23 eruptions during this 400-year period of time. Since the December 24,1933 eruption, Japan has remained silent. So we can see that these eruptions actually occurred in a 334-year period that results in an eruption average of 65% every decade. This is 5 times the eruption average prior to this period.

Japans eruptions grew with the population expansion of mainland Asia, specifically China. After WWII and two nuclear bombs, volcanic eruptions went silent in Japan. The war in Korea that followed WWII and the war in Vietnam through 1975 would have massive impacts. This is a clear indicator of the impacts of mans recent history and massive wars with large-scale bombings having an impact on eruptions by mimicking them. With the current earthquakes experienced in this region it appears that this area may become active again very soon.

All materials in the world follow this principle except one, water. This will be covered later. When the past 200 years of volcanoes were examined because their exact dates are all known, a pattern developed. There were 117 total eruptions, 4 with unknown dates to their eruptions. This gave us a total of 114 eruptions to examine and of these, 72 occurred above the 10^th parallel north. When taking the Philippines, Russia, Japan, Alaska, the US, and south to the Caribbean excluding South America we find that 79% of these volcanoes occur during the first 6 months of the year, January through June. The northern climates of Russia and Alaska expand into July where they had 4 of the 5 noted in the following graph.
ERUPTIONS 1800 to PRESENT, NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

y-axis is total volcanic eruptions, x-axis is the month of eruptions

The North American Continent is about 3,000 miles long. If you take the expansion characteristics of granite you will find that one degree will expand the plate by 84 feet. As the planet tilts on its axis and heats, the plates expand. By July they are fully expanded in the southern region of the northern hemisphere and expand northward until the northern region is fully expanded by August. These volcanos are fishers between the tectonic plates and as they heat they expand and apply pressure onto these fishers acting as a shut off. As the plates cool through the fall they reach their maximum contraction stage in January from the lack of solar energy. When they cool they relieve pressure along these plates and if the internal pressure is high enough, and the crust is weak enough, an eruption occurs. When a plate is heated, there is additional pressure under the plate that results in a higher frequency of eruptions during these seasons.

The automobile’s cooling system mirrors this process. As your automobile heats
In the middle and southern zones we found no pattern associated with the time of the year. There were 36 total eruptions during this time and 19 occurred from January through June and 17 from July through December. Over the last 200 years and out of 114 eruptions, only 2 have occurred in the month of December worldwide.

Time after time mankind populates a plate, strips it for its agricultural use, it heats and builds pressure till she blows and alters the weather patterns in the affected region. The Mayan, Anastasia, Great Dust Bowl, Little Ice Age, over and over we have done this throughout our history, and we are doing it again only this time on a massive scale. It is actually simple, if we go out on a hot summers day in a swimsuit with no sun protection. You will sit in the sun and I will sit under the tree and we will see the results in the morning. Just as your skin will be warm to the touch in the moning, so does the earth warm when she is stripped. Its called, "Thermal Absorption" CO2 is a by-product of this and can also be verified simply by this...CO2 began to rise before the use of fossil fuels and continued to rise, even though the temperatures dropped, thus the CO2 argument wouldn't stand a chance of being found as the guilty culprit in the court of law, but today many have their money and reputatons riding on it.

[Belfrey]

Woody, I don't think that any climate researcher would disagree that volcanic activity has an effect on climate, and that this is seen in the historical record. Climate researchers know about a number of natural climate forcings such as that, and actually do not consider changes in CO2 as the primary cause of many past climate changes (although it has been an important feedback). But that does nothing to debunk the idea that an increase in CO2 can change the climate now.

[Woody]

Woody, I don't think that any climate researcher would disagree that volcanic activity has an effect on climate, and that this is seen in the historical record. Climate researchers know about a number of natural climate forcings such as that, and actually do not consider changes in CO2 as the primary cause of many past climate changes (although it has been an important feedback). But that does nothing to debunk the idea that an increase in CO2 can change the climate now.

Your missing the whole point because I am still posting, and it has nothing to do with Volcanoes altering the weather. Man alters the land causing it to become a form of heat sink because the raw land is exposed to the Sun. What I am pointing out here is the historical documentation to support this, after all, if we wipe out 44% of all the plant life in the world, well, CO2 rises. CO2 is a warming mechanism, but so is melting ice cap but I don't here anyone saying the ice cap leaving is the cause, and what I am saying here is there is another cause so obvious we are blind to it. Read on, you will see where it is going.

[Woody]

If we altered population growth immediately and begin planting on a scale larger than we destroyed it, we could have a chance but we would have to change our life styles and waste would have to end. I calculated that if every school kid planted 10 trees per year as directed by city and state officials we could replenish 1/2 of the trees over the next 20 years and give our grandkids a chance, but we are to damn ignorant and obstinant to comply with changes.

Wet farming offers vast cooling and far greater CO2 sequesturing than dry farming, so we could flood the Mississippi river valley and convert to rice. We chose corn in the 1800's because of the size and wieght of the produce and due to the use of barges, we could ship more. This water would exaporate and lay rain in the Ohio River Basin. But we will do nothing as long as the farmers in these regions can continue to collect insurance money whose policies are 1/2 paid for by the US Government. People are way too complacent today, reminds me of the German people prior to WWII, as long as it doesn't affect me! Its a world economy today and what affects other areas does affect us.

[Belfrey]

Hi Woody, I'm trying to piece together your primary thesis. Are you saying that you believe volcanic activity is increased by local human impacts on vegetation cover, causing increased heating of the surface of the earth?

[Woody]

Hi Woody, I'm trying to piece together your primary thesis. Are you saying that you believe volcanic activity is increased by local human impacts on vegetation cover, causing increased heating of the surface of the earth?

In short, yes, when we stripped the natural land cover we took the planets covering off, like taking your clothes off on a hot day with no shade or sunblock. By doing this we naturally rose the CO2 levels as the grapghs indicate. This explains it all and why we cooled during the smog years while CO2 rose, it wasn't the source. The earth is a sealed enviornment and the land and oceans seal it. If you heat a sealed contained molecular movement increases along with pressure, like a bottle of sealed and unsealed water you microwave. One will evaporate, the other explodes. Using this premise for the research we can now see how this is a cycle of man, not a cycle of the planet. I have a video I did last spring where I bring the viewer our and emonstrate how this works and where our heat comes from. They want you to believe that the heat is coming from the air, but thermal dynammics and everyone esle knows that heat rises, thus, all heat rises from the ground once the ground is unthawed and the daytime hours increase beyond night time hours, March 21. This effects us greatest in the spring due to the uneven spacing of the land and water masses arond the planet. Science doesn't know it, but using common sense they support it when they acknowledged that Air Pollution caused cooling, which I concur, even though CO2 was rising giving credence to another source, and this is what I found. Before you can diagnose a problem, you first need to know that jeat rises, and therfore comes from the ground. I demonstrate what I mean in this short video as I take you out last spring into the forests, prairies, crop lands and city explaining hoe thermal dynamic principles work. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Oteyq4QywU

[SR1419]

The earth is a sealed enviornment

really? Then wow is it that the primary force in climate- the Sun- is from outside the environment?

[Woody]

Look at it this way, in a home or building there is a boiler that heats the water. The lines carry the water to the radiators and then the radiators heat. The Sun is the earths boiler, the sky is the pipelines, and the ground is the radiator. ALL heat comes up because hot air rises. , (Something many scientists stumble on, understanding where the source of our heat is) If you are a beach on a hot day, the sand and black top is hotter than the air, even if the air is 100 degrees. The hotter it is, the faster your feet will burn before any other part of your body.

This is a little story I tell people to help them understand.

There was a man who owned a home once and was having trouble with his heat. So what he did was begin adding more and more radiators to his system to compensate for his loss. What he wasn't aware of is that his supply line was being resricted not allowing enough water to pass through to supply enough heat from the boiler. The man decided to call out a technician finally to fix his problems and the technician found the blockage. He was unable to fix this blockage but told the man that he could add a solution to his lines that would clean it out, but it would take some time to clear it. The man was happy because his heat began to flow again, but it was overrunning. It rose so much over time that it began to cook him out of the home, so he called the technician back. When he arrived the man brought him into the home and he quickly saw the vast number of radiators he had installed that was causing his prblems. The only solution left, remove the excess radiators.

In this story the Boiler is the Sun, the radiators are clear agricultural and urban land, the pipe being blocked was pollution (1940's - 1980) and the answer that unblocked his pipeline was the EPA in 1972 that cleared our skies. Now we are back to where we left off in 1936 at the peak of the Great Dust Bowl, and now we go beyond. The answer is the same, give the planet back what we took from her and grow the forest back. Trees shoud line the highways, there is no street corner or area in the US where I have stood and not found a location where a tree could be planted. Highways and powerlines can go underground with current technology. Many things we can do, but we aren't and am afraid we won't, we are to busy bickering about the cause rather than seeking a viable solution and too many people have their ego's on the line over this CO2 issue that they won't budge.

[Mick]

Woody, the things you discuss here have all been studied to a great extent for decades. Have you read much of the research on these topics?

I highly recommend Google Scholar:

http://scholar.google.com/

"radiative forcing" would be a good start. Then add keywords like "land use", "volcanoes", "clean air act"

Example:
http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=...%22land+use%22
http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=...22volcanoes%22
http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=...ean+air+act%22

[solrey]

Before you can diagnose a problem, you first need to know that jeat rises, and therfore comes from the ground.

"Heat" doesn't rise, warm air rises but only due to buoyancy because the warm air is less dense/lighter than surrounding cooler/heavier air. Transfer of heat energy is non-directional and happens in three ways; convective ( of which buoyancy is a subset ), conductive and radiative.

I'm not going to waste any more time on you woody, you're pretty much scientifically illiterate but for some reason you think you're some kind of genius or something... news flash, you're not even close.

cheers

[Woody]

Woody, the things you discuss here have all been studied to a great extent for decades. Have you read much of the research on these topics?

I highly recommend Google Scholar:

http://scholar.google.com/

"radiative forcing" would be a good start. Then add keywords like "land use", "volcanoes", "clean air act"

Example:
http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=...%22land+use%22
http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=...22volcanoes%22
http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=...ean+air+act%22

Actually Mick, no. Even the Smithsonian was totally unaware, as the entire science community, that these Volcanoes erupt like this or have a seasonal impacts due to expansion and contraction principles. Land use alterations yes, but the driving source of our global changes and a source for our current high CO2 levels, no. Many do not realize that in the 1920's this same CO2 argument erupted and the science community was promoting a reducton of fossil fuels then as a result. Consequently, after the Great Dust Bowl, the science community was silenced. This argument is the same one they had then, and science now indicates that this was from improper farming techniques and closed the books on it. Recently, the past coulple decades, they did they acknowledge this cooling from air pollution. I am only reopening the books and demonstrating the "EVIDENCE" of this, not words, evidence as this site requests. Multiple times in history we have done this and either the evidence above indicates man is causing his own problems, or the planet has it in for him.

[Woody]

"Heat" doesn't rise, warm air rises but only due to buoyancy because the warm air is less dense/lighter than surrounding cooler/heavier air. Transfer of heat energy is non-directional and happens in three ways; convective ( of which buoyancy is a subset ), conductive and radiative.

I'm not going to waste any more time on you woody, you're pretty much scientifically illiterate but for some reason you think you're some kind of genius or something... news flash, you're not even close.

cheers

I often times find people who like to exhault themselves above another thru their words, its an ego trip. Yes, there is much more that I can talk about when it comes to heat, but I like to leave things simple, heat rises. You see, heat rises in both weather, solid and liquids, so it demonstrates your lack of understanding these priinciples. Hot water is never lower than cold water, and a rock disapates its heat from the inside to the outside. Also our body heat works this way too. Its one of our basic funadamentals. By your comment it appears that you dispute this law of physics, that we can go into GREAT detail about if you want. So, if you have evidence to support you opposition to the quote, "Heat Rises" then supply it. Otherwise, consult your ego in referance to this comment and we shall willfully ignore one another.

Thankyou for your time and look forward to seeing your evidence to support your claim.

[plane852]

I often times find people who like to exhault themselves above another thru their words, its an ego trip. Yes, there is much more that I can talk about when it comes to heat, but I like to leave things simple, heat rises. You see, heat rises in both weather, solid and liquids, so it demonstrates your lack of understanding these priinciples. Hot water is never lower than cold water, and a rock disapates its heat from the inside to the outside. Also our body heat works this way too. Its one of our basic funadamentals. By your comment it appears that you dispute this law of physics, that we can go into GREAT detail about if you want. So, if you have evidence to support you opposition to the quote, "Heat Rises" then supply it. Otherwise, consult your ego in referance to this comment and we shall willfully ignore one another.

Thankyou for your time and look forward to seeing your evidence to support your claim.

Definition of "heat": The quality of being hot; high temperature.

A quality of something being hot cannot rise. Warm air can, because it is less dense. Warm air is a physical entity - it can rise. Heat is a quality of warm air; it is not matter - it cannot rise.

From Michigan State University, 1996:
http://www.pa.msu.edu/sciencet/ask_st/042496.html

[Mick]

I often times find people who like to exhault themselves above another thru their words, its an ego trip. Yes, there is much more that I can talk about when it comes to heat, but I like to leave things simple, heat rises. You see, heat rises in both weather, solid and liquids, so it demonstrates your lack of understanding these priinciples. Hot water is never lower than cold water, and a rock disapates its heat from the inside to the outside. Also our body heat works this way too. Its one of our basic funadamentals. By your comment it appears that you dispute this law of physics, that we can go into GREAT detail about if you want. So, if you have evidence to support you opposition to the quote, "Heat Rises" then supply it. Otherwise, consult your ego in referance to this comment and we shall willfully ignore one another.

Thankyou for your time and look forward to seeing your evidence to support your claim.

Woody. I'm afraid what we have here is failure to communicate. "Heat Rises" is not some law of physics. It's a consequence of the nature of the gases and gravity.

If you heat the top of a vertical copper pipe, then the heat will go DOWN the pipe. It's a totally different mechanism.

If you cool the bottom of a tube of water then the resultant cold ice will RISE, again different mechanism.

A ballon full of helium can be colder than the outside air, and still rise. Different mechanism.

Consider this: Low clouds are made up of liquid water. High clouds (and low clouds in very low temperatures) are made up of ice crystals. Since ice is LESS dense than water, then why would water clouds stay in the sky, but ice clouds fall out?

[Woody]

Isn't it easier to ask rather than make insinuatations and insults? When people ask me questions like, "Have you taken the earths water into account for heating and cooling?" Or, have you taken into consideration the deserts? This brings about research within me that has driven me for years to find the answers. Its part of my nature, I love to troubleshoot.

Mick, you are the ONLY one who has taken the time and demonstrated my need to better understand the word humidity, relative humidity, dew points, bametric pressures and so on. Not because of your commuunication, but the way you did, you did not try to belittle me and even acknowledged your own short comings in this area. You see, I understand the physics of it, just not how the readings apply. Its like knowing that when it got cold water froze, but until a measurement was established by science to read it, our knowldge was based upon the law of physics. Science in this way did not discover that water froze at 32 degrees, the planet always did this, science only allowed us a new way to measure it. Its in these measurement, not the physics of it, that is promoting my current research into these areas...thanks Mick.

I believe in promoting anothers potential in this way and then sharing the knowledge with others, openly, freely. This is what this thread was to do, factual and based upon historical data and from an unbias source. It was to promote discussion, understanding, and further insight and questions that arise through the sharing of knowledge. I am beginning to believe, regretably, that this is not the intent for this forum.

Regretably, it has made me comment at times in ways I now wish I hadn't and I do regret this. So, to any that I may have offended, I am sorry. Retaliation is also a part of huuman nature that is something I am admitting I am trying to overcome in these discussions, and one of my MANY short comings.

In this world you will find that the best teachers are those who know that they are first and foremost, a student.

[plane852]

Regarding volcanoes emitting more CO2 than humans (if this is your case, as I still haven't really sorted it out) - this is easily refutable.

Take the Eyjafjoell volcano in Iceland, which erupted in 2010. That volcano, according to approximations from scientists, was between 150-300K tons of CO2 per day. (http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp...OCEcsMnheg0oow). Think that's a lot? Then how about this:

The total amount of CO2 emitted by the United States in 2010 was the second largest compared to the rest of the world, putting out 5.492 billion tons of CO2 during the year. Doing some simple math to get a daily average:

5.492 billion / 365 days per year = 15,046,575.34 tons of CO2 per day. When compared to the average emissions of the volcano in Iceland, that is:

15,046,575.34 / 300,000 = 50.16

That volcano would have to erupt for just over 50 days, nonstop, with maximum emissions the entire time, to match the daily output of CO2 from the United States in 2010. We can do the same thing for China that year, which was the biggest emitter by far:

China's CO2 Emissions, 2010: 8,240,958,000 tons

8,240,958,000 tons / 365 days = 22,577,967.12 tons per day

22,577,967.12 / 300,000 = 75.26 days of non-stop eruptions to match China's daily CO2 output for that same year.

[solrey]

I often times find people who like to exhault themselves above another thru their words, its an ego trip. Yes, there is much more that I can talk about when it comes to heat, but I like to leave things simple, heat rises. You see, heat rises in both weather, solid and liquids, so it demonstrates your lack of understanding these priinciples. Hot water is never lower than cold water, and a rock disapates its heat from the inside to the outside. Also our body heat works this way too. Its one of our basic funadamentals. By your comment it appears that you dispute this law of physics, that we can go into GREAT detail about if you want. So, if you have evidence to support you opposition to the quote, "Heat Rises" then supply it. Otherwise, consult your ego in referance to this comment and we shall willfully ignore one another.

Thankyou for your time and look forward to seeing your evidence to support your claim.

Do you even know what heat really is or means? "Heat" is not a thing that can rise or fall. Thermal energy does not rise in solids, by definition there can be no convection/buoyancy within a solid, sheesh are you kidding me? Likewise there is no buoyancy in zero gravity, heat does not rise on the space station. I'm not disputing any laws of physics, I'm just repeating them... if you think I'm disputing them then you obviously don't understand them yourself. Conduction is how heat is transferred through a solid and radiation is how heat is transferred away from a solid into a surrounding cooler fluid like air, that warmed air then rises in the fluid due to buoyancy. Winds can push warm air in any direction and what about heat bursts. Pick up any college level textbook on thermodynamics... there's my evidence.

Here's something to get you started.
Heat transfer, and the first law of thermodynamics

[Woody]

Regarding volcanoes emitting more CO2 than humans (if this is your case, as I still haven't really sorted it out) - this is easily refutable.

Take the Eyjafjoell volcano in Iceland, which erupted in 2010. That volcano, according to approximations from scientists, was between 150-300K tons of CO2 per day. (http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp...OCEcsMnheg0oow). Think that's a lot? Then how about this:
The total amount of CO2 emitted by the United States in 2010 was the second largest compared to the rest of the world, putting out 5.492 billion tons of CO2 during the year. Doing some simple math to get a daily average:

5.492 billion / 365 days per year = 15,046,575.34 tons of CO2 per day. When compared to the average emissions of the volcano in Iceland, that is:

15,046,575.34 / 300,000 = 50.16

That volcano would have to erupt for just over 50 days, nonstop, with maximum emissions the entire time, to match the daily output of CO2 from the United States in 2010. We can do the same thing for China that year, which was the biggest emitter by far:

China's CO2 Emissions, 2010: 8,240,958,000 tons

8,240,958,000 tons / 365 days = 22,577,967.12 tons per day

22,577,967.12 / 300,000 = 75.26 days of non-stop eruptions to match China's daily CO2 output for that same year.

Oh no, this is not my point at all.

[Woody]

Table 1-1: Global carbon stocks in vegetation and top 1 m of soils (based on WBGU, 1998).
	Area (106 km2)	Carbon Stocks (Gt C)
Biome	Vegetation	Soils	Total
Tropical forests	17.6	212	216	428
Temperate forests	10.4	59	100	159
Boreal forests	13.7	88	471	559
Tropical savannas	22.5	66	264	330
Temperate grasslands	12.5	9	295	304
Deserts and semideserts	45.5	8	191	199
Tundra	9.5	6	121	127
Wetlands	3.5	15	225	240
Croplands	16.0	3	128	131
Total	151.2	466	2011	2477
[1] http://www.grida.no/publications/oth...nd_use/019.htm Cross comparison of carbon stocks with equal area size Table 1-1: Global carbon stocks in vegetation and top 1 m of soils (based on WBGU, 1998). Area (106 km2) Carbon Stocks (Gt C) Biome Vegetation Soils Total Tropical forests 10 120 123 243 Temperate forests 10 57 96 153 Boreal forests 10 64 344 408 Tropical savannas 10 29 117 146 Temperate grasslands 10 7 236 243 Deserts and semideserts 10 2 42 44 Tundra 10 6 127 133 Wetlands 10 43 643 686 Croplands 10 2 80 82

When we convert land from Temperate Forest and Temperate Grasslands, lower 48 land cover, to croplands we see we have just converted the CO2 deposits just a little more than the deserts and semi deserts, thus a rise in CO2. I am not saying it is NOT a warming agent, it is. I am also NOT saying human activity is rising this at a drastic pace and needs to be altered, what I am saying is converting it has attributed to an estimated 50% of the current levels while human activity has added the other half. The ONLY way to sequesture CO2 is through the process known as Photo Synthesis, that happens only while the sun is out during the growing seasons. The planet has, over a very long period of time, balanced herself out. Emissions and sequesturing. We have altered this balance severely. Talking about emissions and not talking about sequesturing is like trying to reconcile your check book with only the checks you wrote and omit all the deposits.

[Woody]

I was over at my dads tonight. He is a retired tinner, we just lost my mom in October. Tinner is a sheet metal worker that installs and balances the heating and cooling systems in all commercial projects, and many residential as well. He was telling me of a time when him and my mom were shopping for carpet and the salesman told them that by adding the padding they will help keep the room warm by not allowing the heat to escape through the floor. He rolled his eyes and said they walked away. Then he looked at me and told me that he was at Home Depot yesterday and heard a salesman talk about how heat falls. He asked me, what is up with people, everyone knows that heat rises.

Heating and cooling, its nature and actions have been a part understanding in my life, heard about it at the kitchen table, even as a sheet metal apprentice. You see, you can't loose heat through your floor, it rises. Any carpet on the floor will only help trap the heat in the basement under it. I install heat and smoke detectors, so I do have some understanding on heat and the code, and if you installed a heat detector further than 12 inches down from the deck you will never get occupancy. Trust me, I lowered them one time because common sense told me that the closer the detectors would be to the source of the heat the more effective and quicker response they would have. Fire Marshall agreed, but then said we could not deviate from code and we had to move them all and comply with code. This was at the Harley Davidson shop in Naples Florida in their upper level, (Just in case you think I am bs'n) You can see the flex we had to add.

Heat is a form of energy that comes from a reaction between molecules that differentiate in temperature, and the faster the molecular movement becomes, the faster the heat rises, and as the heat rises, so to will the molecular movement.

[Woody]

As would be done in a court, I am going to explain my experiance in heating and cooling and ask you look at this as a resume submitted to a court.

I was a 3521, USMC Motor Transport Mechanic as well as schooling for 2 years and working 4 years in the auto industry before joining at the age of 20. I continued to play in this field and do all my own repairs one a fleet of 4 vans and my suzuki I will share with you in the end. I decided to transfer fields because I wanted something more challenging. Loving electricity I went into computer repair tech and entered into the security field in 1985. Three years later I started my own business and haven't punchied a time card since.

In Automechanics, understanding heating and cooling, the principles and operation is essential. An example of this is understanding that an automobile will always be the hottest after it is shut off. You always add fluid to your heated engine while it is running, if you don't you jeapordize cracking something. As soon as the movement stops, when you shut off the engine, heat rises. When it comes to troubleshooting the system, the list is endless and in order to repair it you must have a good grasp on the principles of operation.

In the security business we install, design, sell and service various devices. Smoke and heat detectors in buildings, Fridge and Freezer Alarms and Controls, Infra Red Heat Sensing Motion Detectors and other associated items.

Today I continue with my business but am branching out into inventing. This is my current project, its a converted 1989 Suzuki Sidekick. It will float as well as climb. I am working on the twin 24 volt, maybe 36 volt, trolling motors to propel it. The hood is sealed down to the frame and transmission hump to the rear end. The hood is equiped with a 1260 cfm fan to inject high air pressure into the compartment. Think of a glass under water upside down in the sink and the air that is traped in it. If you had a hole in the top it would quickly fill with water, the larger the whole the faster the fill. If you now put a straw into the hole and sealed it, then applied even a small amount of air, the glass would rise in the water. It comes equipped with a 120 lbs air compressor to supply air for tires and repairs as well as supplying 2lbs of air pressure into the differentials, transmission, flywheel housing and transfer case to offset any water attempting to get through the seals. I used to fix the fording equipment (underwater) on the military vehicles so I am implimenting this concept with some alterations. They use crankcase pressure, I am using on board air. The engine PVC will be shut down and the engine sealed. Engine blow by will offset any water attempting to get into the motor, fording tactic. It has posi in the rear and lockers in the front, stock motor, putting gears in. Has alot more but won't take up space, pics show it the best.

This last one is in the beginning stages, I need another 6 months to complete. I love Archamedes, he is my hero. When done it will be able to pull 9,000 pounds, 18,000 pounds with one snatch block, in neutral. this means no no twisting and bending of the frame, at least none on mine

[Woody]

"I am also NOT saying human activity is rising this at a drastic pace and needs to be altered"

Correction: I am also NOT saying that human activity is not rising this at a drastic pace and needs to be altered

[Woody]

Woody. I'm afraid what we have here is failure to communicate. "Heat Rises" is not some law of physics. It's a consequence of the nature of the gases and gravity.

If you heat the top of a vertical copper pipe, then the heat will go DOWN the pipe. It's a totally different mechanism.

Here you are talking about heat transfer, different subject.

If you cool the bottom of a tube of water then the resultant cold ice will RISE, again different mechanism.

All materials in the world expand when they heat and contract when they cool, all except for water, once again, another subjet.

A ballon full of helium can be colder than the outside air, and still rise. Different mechanism.

Here you are speaking about density, another subject.

Consider this: Low clouds are made up of liquid water. High clouds (and low clouds in very low temperatures) are made up of ice crystals. Since ice is LESS dense than water, then why would water clouds stay in the sky, but ice clouds fall out?

As I said, in its natural state and with no outside force, like heating a pipe or altering its natural densities. Heat rises even in a liquid as science showed us all in school. The planet even expells its internal heat outward and up. So, are you saying that heat doesn't rise? Are you claimning that heat falls in a natural state?

[Mick]

As I said, in its natural state and with no outside force, like heating a pipe or altering its natural densities. Heat rises even in a liquid as science showed us all in school. The planet even expells its internal heat outward and up. So, are you saying that heat doesn't rise? Are you claimning that heat falls in a natural state?

Hot air rises. Heat does not rise.

If you put a red hot brick on top of an ice cold brick, then what happens? Where does the heat go?

[Woody]

As I said, in its natural state and with no outside force, like heating a pipe or altering its natural densities. Heat rises even in a liquid as science showed us all in school. The planet even expells its internal heat outward and up. So, are you saying that heat doesn't rise? Are you claimning that heat falls in a natural state?

There are additional laws of physics that cover these areas such as heat transfer and densites of different substances, but the last time I saw them work, a hot air balloon went up and worked great. Heat always seeks out a colder place, and that way is up in nature, other wise a hot air ballon would not work.

[Woody]

Hot air rises. Heat does not rise.

If you put a red hot brick on top of an ice cold brick, then what happens? Where does the heat go?

Heat tranfer, different principle. Heat is the measurement of the air. Hot water rises indicating once again, its heat not air, although hot air rises too. Can you show me a body of water that is not fed by some form of thermal heat that demonstrates that the water gets warmer as you go deeper?

[Woody]

Water is a very interesting eliment, in fact many talk about the Oceans warming causing a rise in sea levels. Well, when water heats it evapoartes and actually decreases in size. Yet, when it freezes it expands and opposes all the other known eliments on the planet, it works backwards. I wonder how often these scientist heated water on their stove and when they were done they had more water than when they started? I think they have a magic stove.

[plane852]

As would be done in a court, I am going to explain my experiance in heating and cooling and ask you look at this as a resume submitted to a court.

I was a 3521, USMC Motor Transport Mechanic as well as schooling for 2 years and working 4 years in the auto industry before joining at the age of 20. I continued to play in this field and do all my own repairs one a fleet of 4 vans and my suzuki I will share with you in the end. I decided to transfer fields because I wanted something more challenging. Loving electricity I went into computer repair tech and entered into the security field in 1985. Three years later I started my own business and haven't punchied a time card since.

In Automechanics, understanding heating and cooling, the principles and operation is essential. An example of this is understanding that an automobile will always be the hottest after it is shut off. You always add fluid to your heated engine while it is running, if you don't you jeapordize cracking something. As soon as the movement stops, when you shut off the engine, heat rises. When it comes to troubleshooting the system, the list is endless and in order to repair it you must have a good grasp on the principles of operation.

In the security business we install, design, sell and service various devices. Smoke and heat detectors in buildings, Fridge and Freezer Alarms and Controls, Infra Red Heat Sensing Motion Detectors and other associated items.

Today I continue with my business but am branching out into inventing. This is my current project, its a converted 1989 Suzuki Sidekick. It will float as well as climb. I am working on the twin 24 volt, maybe 36 volt, trolling motors to propel it. The hood is sealed down to the frame and transmission hump to the rear end. The hood is equiped with a 1260 cfm fan to inject high air pressure into the compartment. Think of a glass under water upside down in the sink and the air that is traped in it. If you had a hole in the top it would quickly fill with water, the larger the whole the faster the fill. If you now put a straw into the hole and sealed it, then applied even a small amount of air, the glass would rise in the water. It comes equipped with a 120 lbs air compressor to supply air for tires and repairs as well as supplying 2lbs of air pressure into the differentials, transmission, flywheel housing and transfer case to offset any water attempting to get through the seals. I used to fix the fording equipment (underwater) on the military vehicles so I am implimenting this concept with some alterations. They use crankcase pressure, I am using on board air. The engine PVC will be shut down and the engine sealed. Engine blow by will offset any water attempting to get into the motor, fording tactic. It has posi in the rear and lockers in the front, stock motor, putting gears in. Has alot more but won't take up space, pics show it the best.

This last one is in the beginning stages, I need another 6 months to complete. I love Archamedes, he is my hero. When done it will be able to pull 9,000 pounds, 18,000 pounds with one snatch block, in neutral. this means no no twisting and bending of the frame, at least none on mine

So, you have zero expertise in atmospheric sciences? That's nice and all, but it further enhances my opinion that when it comes to atmospheric sciences, you have a weak grasp of the field, at best.

[cloudspotter]

There are additional laws of physics that cover these areas such as heat transfer and densites of different substances, but the last time I saw them work, a hot air balloon went up and worked great. Heat always seeks out a colder place, and that way is up in nature, other wise a hot air ballon would not work.

It's not because the air is hot though. It's because the heat has made the air inside the balloon expand and become less dense, and therefore lighter, than the surrounding air.

[Woody]

It's not because the air is hot though. It's because the heat has made the air inside the balloon expand and become less dense, and therefore lighter, than the surrounding air.

Umm, yes, are you not aware you just defined one of the principles in physics regarding thermyl dynamic principles? As the molecules heat they expand and become less dense than the surrounding molecules in either liquids, solids or gases and the molecular movement increases. This called the science of physics and this IS how it works. Don't deny it, I didn't come up with it, argue it with people like Newton and others who developed these laws of physics.

[Woody]

So, you have zero expertise in atmospheric sciences? That's nice and all, but it further enhances my opinion that when it comes to atmospheric sciences, you have a weak grasp of the field, at best.

As I expalined before, I admit my shortcomings when it comes to atmoshperic science. Atmospheric science, like temperature, is nothing we created, water has always froze at 32 degrees, science created a method of measuring temperature in 1724, this does not mean that previous people, Newton, Archametes, DaVinci and coutless others did not understand many of the PHYSICAL LAWS in science, water froze back then too without the use of a thermometer. Yes I do need to increase my knowledge in this area. Not understanding the use of the gauges used, Hydrometer and such, does not take away from these early thinkers when they were developing the laws of physics. It appears to me that many need to brush up on their physics because atmospheric science has not altered these earlier produced laws these people came up with. I now wonder if anyone can stand up and admit they may have some short comings in physics, specifically anyone who argues against the basic premise that is commonly refered to in the heating and cooling industry in the world when they say, "heat rises." the technical explination was the one before hand that I responded to from Cloudspotter, but it doesn't exclude this basic fundimaental of physics. Its the same as liguid when confined into a sealed container cannot be compressed. Although more technical, the law still stands.

[cloudspotter]

Umm, yes, are you not aware you just defined one of the principles in physics regarding thermyl dynamic principles? As the molecules heat they expand and become less dense than the surrounding molecules in either liquids, solids or gases and the molecular movement increases. This called the science of physics and this IS how it works. Don't deny it, I didn't come up with it, argue it with people like Newton and others who developed these laws of physics.

Exactly. So it's not heat that's rising it's air that is lighter (less dense) than the surrounding air. Same with a helium balloon, same with an air bubble or a cork in water.

[Woody]

Exactly. So it's not heat that's rising it's air that is lighter (less dense) than the surrounding air. Same with a helium balloon, same with an air bubble or a cork in water.

Thats right, now recall my quote many have argued about, "Natural" meaning not being minipulated, or in another perspective, without humans, natural. Not heating a pipe and using termlal conductivity, not a roof where the heat finds its way into the home from your attic when it exceeds the R Value, these are unnatural an modified, yet is discribed in other thermal dynamic laws. This bring me back to the point, "All of our heat in the air comes forth frm the ground because in its natural state, heat rises and we all know it." Now, if someone can contribute any knowledge that demonstrates another heat source, I welcome it.

Remember too, the ground is heated by both the Sun and the Core, but the Sun is a major drivng force that actually aids in our core remaining active. Its balanced shall we say. So, hypothetically, and according to the laws of physics, if the sun stopped the surface would rapidly cool but continue to heat from the core until the center core matched the external cores temperature and we would become a freezing ball. This is because heat rises in its natural state.

[Woody]

Exactly. So it's not heat that's rising it's air that is lighter (less dense) than the surrounding air. Same with a helium balloon, same with an air bubble or a cork in water.

My point here in this discusson is the current heating of the planet. Science says its due to CO2. When I began to look at this from the troubleshooting perspecive, and you first have to find the heat source. If you do not understand the source, how can you determine the cause? Impossible! But in the case of our warming andthe science community, they have. Thus, I looked first to find the source, once the source was identified it was just a matter of time and research to find out what has been modified, how, and what needs to change to reverse it. This is the purpose of this discussion, not the physics of heat.

[Woody]

The major cause of our drought was not caused from a lack of precipitation, but a result of heat that caused vast evaporation of ground water sources.
In the following “Graph 2: Minneapolis July Low Temperatures 1891 – present” there is a dip in temperatures and seasonal alterations indicating a cooling period from 1940 until the 1970’s. Today science has confirmed that the amount of pollution in the atmosphere that man had inadvertently built up over the years had actually initiated a cooling trend. In 1970 the EPA was developed, in 1972 we switched to unleaded fuels, and after years of work the skies have become clean once again.

When we look at heat we tend to look to the high temperatures of the day. Because this is transient a more acurate measure of heat from a thermal perspective would be looking at the low temperatures at night. This is an indicator of the level of thermal absorption that has taken place and the level of heat the planet has retained through the night. By looking at these temperatures we find that 2012 was 70.4 degrees over taking the 1936 record of 70.12 degrees. From 1891 until 1899 the average temperature was 62.06 degrees, 8.34 degrees cooler than 2012. The warmest year was 1894 when an average low temperature at night was 64.64 degrees, 5.82 degrees cooler than 2012. Because the planet was already warming by the 1890’s and deforestation had began in the 1830’s in Minnesota, it is estimated that the average low temperatures at night in Minnesota would have averaged approximately 60 degrees prior to mans wide spread alterations of the land. This would place the temperatures in Minnesota in 2012 over 10 degrees above its natural state today creating a rapid loss of ground water supplies.Attachment 1541

[Woody]

This brings me to the increasd cloud cover over our heads that many are calling a haze thatis developing from the emissions of aicraft. Whatever it is, it has spawned awarness due to the massive quantity. This is a tactic for fighting global warmiing, you see, if the pollution coooled us, then blocking the suns radiance would with a harmelss substaince would work, and it is and wll,but there will be side effects, less evaporation, increased CO2 due to a decline in phtosynthesis and more particles in the air allows more mass for water vapor to handg on to meaning the atmosphere will be able to hold more water. If the core of the problem is not resolved, we will live in haze indefinatly.

[Woody]

This brings me to the increasd cloud cover over our heads that many are calling a haze thatis developing from the emissions of aicraft. Whatever it is, it has spawned awarness due to the massive quantity. This is a tactic for fighting global warmiing, you see, if the pollution coooled us, then blocking the suns radiance would with a harmelss substaince would work, and it is and wll,but there will be side effects, less evaporation, increased CO2 due to a decline in phtosynthesis and more particles in the air allows more mass for water vapor to handg on to meaning the atmosphere will be able to hold more water. If the core of the problem is not resolved, we will live in haze indefinatly.

I am getting a new keyboard LOL

[Mick]

My point here in this discusson is the current heating of the planet. Science says its due to CO2. When I began to look at this from the troubleshooting perspecive, and you first have to find the heat source. If you do not understand the source, how can you determine the cause? Impossible! But in the case of our warming andthe science community, they have. Thus, I looked first to find the source, once the source was identified it was just a matter of time and research to find out what has been modified, how, and what needs to change to reverse it. This is the purpose of this discussion, not the physics of heat.

The source of heat is the sun. The cause of the heating is an imbalance of incoming and outgoing radiation. Radiative Forcing. CO2 contributes to the radiative forcing, so is one of the factors involved in global warming.

[solrey]

My point here in this discusson is the current heating of the planet. Science says its due to CO2. When I began to look at this from the troubleshooting perspecive, and you first have to find the heat source. If you do not understand the source, how can you determine the cause? Impossible! But in the case of our warming andthe science community, they have. Thus, I looked first to find the source, once the source was identified it was just a matter of time and research to find out what has been modified, how, and what needs to change to reverse it. This is the purpose of this discussion, not the physics of heat.

The "physics of heat" must necessarily be included in any discussion as complex as the "heating of the planet".

Heat is the measurement of the air.

Incorrect. Heat is the name for the energy that's transferred from one body to another through collisional or radiative interactions in the random motions of their atoms/molecules. Temperature is the measurement of the average energy of the atoms/molecules comprising the specific substance being measured.

Water is a very interesting eliment, in fact many talk about the Oceans warming causing a rise in sea levels. Well, when water heats it evapoartes and actually decreases in size.

It's called thermal expansion and if you understood the hydrological cycle you'd realize that in a semi-permeable/semi-closed system such as Earths biosphere, there's a balance between thermal expansion, evaporation, precipitation/runoff, glaciation and ice melt/sublimation that determines whether ocean levels rise or fall.

Your example of a hot air balloon rising is an example of buoyancy. Some of the heat energy in the balloon is also dissipated equally in all directions into the surrounding air via conduction and radiation so the transport of thermal energy isn't exclusively up, even in a hot air balloon.

And you should know that I'm skeptical of the claims over catastrophic global warming climate change extreme weather caused by human activity myself because I think there's sufficient evidence that suggests the contribution by human emissions and land use changes to the Earth's energy budget are negligible and dwarfed by natural forcings, primarily the sun.

[Woody]

The source of heat is the sun. The cause of the heating is an imbalance of incoming and outgoing radiation. Radiative Forcing. CO2 contributes to the radiative forcing, so is one of the factors involved in global warming.

Mick, Recall earlier, and you can read it when I stated that CO2 is a contributing force to warming but not the source. Please refer to earlier posts. I also stated earlier how it works. The sun is our source, but does not heat directly, nor does a boiler heat our house but it's the source of it, it has a delivery system.

To clarify what I mean, if the rays of the sun pass through our atmosphere they offer vitrually no heat to our planet with the exception of a dust particle it may come in contct with. The reason for this is because our heat actually comes from the transfer of solar radiation into infrared radiation. Its this reaction that is the source of energy. When you get a sun burn, the sun dosn't burnyou, nor do the rays, its whan it contacts yor body this occurs and you becme a small radiator. You can feel the warmth of your skin the day aftr your burn, meaning you retined some of this. This is what the Earth has been doing, slowly and it takes about 25 years for this to occur because of the seasonal cycles that are set in place. Intersesting from a heatng and cooling persective but another topic.

The Boiler (Sun) is the source of heat, the pipes (space between the sun and the ground including our atmosphere) and a Radiator (the ground) becomes the source. This graph, although good for understanding, shifts and changes constantly and the numbers alter greatly. It is these numbers that have altered due to mans activity This of course is a general graph for educational purpose fo understanding. For example it states that 51% is absorbed by the land, yet we know 0% is at night, and 0% CO2 sequesturing takes place at night without photosynhesis. A known decline in this area of 51% occured during the pollution era causing us to cool from 1940 - 1980. Now the scientists are on board with this concept, and my data concurs with their claim. If we increase cloud cover and reproduce the effects of pollution with an enviornmentaly safe chemical like dry ice or something else, then we can cool the planet artifically. This is what these con-trais are doing, and they have increased drastically this past year causing a decline in solar radation. The reason it is working is because when we cleared the planet to grow crops, grazing and development, we removed the earths natural insulator that inuated the surface on sunny summer days and an increase in thermal absorption took place, meaning a rise from the 51%. Also take note, 100% comes fom the sun and no where else, and all of it rises and none of it comes back down.

Now remember this, its a principle of heat, it always seeks a colder enviornement. If the 16% from the atmosphere comes back and is retained, it will always seek to rise. The example is this, if you increase the insulation in your attic it will hold more heat in, but the warmth will be greatest in the upper level and move down. Even with wind, which is transient, if foced to lower levels will turn and move back up. What this means is the mountain peaks would show signs of melting and it would move down into the valleys, but that is not what is happening. Remember, we did not really design the heating for our homes, we just followed the phyics the panet gave to us and dupicates them into a sealed enviornment. The evidence supporting this is my recent post on historical ground temperatres and the rise associated with this. The air is heating as a result o the ground heating, and anyone can review their home towns temperature data and getthe ame results. Just plot the low temperatures at night, this is the measurement of the amount of energy that remind in the ground, like how bad is our sun burn.